A dental extraction (also referred to as exodontia) is the removal of a tooth from the mouth. Extractions are performed for a wide variety of reasons, including tooth decay that has destroyed enough tooth structure to prevent restoration. Extractions of impacted or problematic wisdom teeth are routinely performed, as are extractions of some permanent teeth to make space for orthodontic treatment

A dental extraction (also referred to as exodontia) is the removal of a tooth from the mouth. Extractions are performed for a wide variety of reasons, including tooth decay that has destroyed enough tooth structure to prevent restoration. Extractions of impacted or problematic wisdom teeth are routinely performed, as are extractions of some permanent teeth to make space for orthodontic treatment.

A root resection is very different from root canal treatment. In root canal treatment, the nerves and blood vessels inside the root are removed and the space is filled with a sterile material. In a root resection, the entire root of a tooth is removed. However, because root resection requires cutting into the inside of the tooth, the tooth will need root canal treatment before a root resection can be done.

The cysts may be observed at jaws due to reasons depending to teeth and not depending to teeth. The cysts are thawing the jaw bone and result in loss of agent and decaying of jaw bone. When they are not treated they are leading to fractures at the jaws and esthetic and functional disorders.

This can occur when extracting upper molars (and in some patients, upper premolars). The maxillary sinus sits right above the roots of maxillary molars and premolars. There is a bony floor of the sinus dividing the tooth socket from the sinus itself. This bone can range from thick to thin from tooth to tooth from patient to patient. In some cases it is absent and the root is in fact in the sinus. At other times, this bone may be removed with the tooth, or may be perforated during surgical extractions. The doctor typically mentions this risk to patients, based on evaluation of radiographs showing the relationship of the tooth to the sinus. It is important to note that the sinus cavity is lined with a membrane called the Sniderian membrane, which may or may not be perforated. If this membrane is exposed after an extraction, but remains intact, a "sinus exposed" has occurred. If the membrane is perforated, however, it is a "sinus communication". These two conditions are treated differently. In the event of a sinus communication, the dentist may decide to let it heal on its own or may need to surgically obtain primary closure--depending on the size of the exposure as well as the likelihood of the patient to heal. In both cases, a resorbable material called "gelfoam" is typically placed in the extraction site to promote clotting and serve as a framework for granulation tissue to accumulate. Patients are typically provided with prescriptions for antibiotics that cover sinus bacterial flora, decongestants, as well as careful instructions to follow during the healing period.

What is a dental implant?

Dental implant is an artificial tooth root made of a bio-material, which is placed in the socket of the lost teeth to carry a tooth replacement. The material is generally pure, unalloyed titanium, which is completely accepted by the human body.

How does implantation take place?

During preliminary examinations the doctor checks the patient to decide if placement of dental implants can be carried out. This includes a dental examination (which teeth must be substituted, if the jaw is suitable for receiving the implants, taking of X-ray shots, ect.)

Then comes the planning of the replacement during which the dentist consults the patient on any possible problems (how many implants would be needed, if the patient wants a temporary replacement during the period of osseointegration, the expected costs of tooth substitution, making a schedule, etc.).

The insertion of implants is carried out under local anaesthesia, except if the patient is over the age of 65 or the health condition requires it, IV sedation is mandatory. First the dentist prepares the given part of the jaw, then inserts the implant. After the check-up and the insertion of necessary temporary solution the implants’ healing period begins.

The healing period

The healing period lasts for about 3-4 months. During this time bone cells grow into the micro-pores created on the surface of the implant. This process is called osseointegration, and ensures the implants fix in place and become able to support a normal biting load long-term without any damage. The healing period is only different when oral surgery had also been involved during or before the implantation process. In the cases of bone replacement with implantation the healing time is 6 months, sinus lift with implantation is 8 months.

When the healing period is over and before tooth replacement takes place, the healing screws are inserted into the implants. These healing screws have gum-forming function before the actual crowns or bridges are fitted. First the boning process of the implants are uncovered, then abutment pieces are fitted into them to support or retain the replacement. Following this, the prosthesis is prepared in the dental laboratory and fixed onto the implant.

Contact between patient and dentist does not stop here, with placement of the new teeth. Among the most important criteria for long-run success in dental implantation are good mouth hygiene and regular medical check-ups. Patients wearing implant-based tooth replacement must regularly attend examinations once a year. Then the dentist verifies the state of the attachment of the bone and of the mucosa around the implant(s) and that of the tooth replacement, and makes the necessary corrections (e.g. removes plaque).

What are the advantages of implantation compared to traditional tooth replacement?

In case of one or a few missing teeth in the middle of the row the replacement can be prepared by the substitution of the root of the lost teeth, while traditional prosthetics can only solve this by damaging neighbouring healthy teeth.

Implants provide a way to create a fixed prosthesis also in cases when traditionally only a partial removable denture could be prepared.

In these cases implant-based tooth replacement provides more stability and better chewing strength than traditional solutions. Besides feeling physically better while eating, the patient feels psychologically better. All these factors together improve the patient’s quality of life.

In case of total edentulism implants can serve as abutments to fix or retain a prosthesis in many ways. Implants can be used to stabilise the removable prosthesis (with the help of ball-headed attachments or retention bars), or a sufficient number of implants can fix a complete artificial row (bridge or overdenture).

The fixing of the tooth replacement onto the natural teeth or implants can be done by cementing or screwing (when the prosthesis is made to be removable by the dentist).

Who do we advise dental implantation?

To all patients who choose this solution and who have no contraindications. However, implant-based tooth replacement is only recommended to those people who have proper mouth hygiene and are willing to follow the mouth hygiene rules proposed by the dentist.

Crucially for the success of the implantation, alcoholism, drug addiction and heavy smoking represent serious risk factors. Certain diseases can reduce the chance of success- like untreated diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, and some other conditions.

Implantation cannot be carried out before the age of 14.

Why is proper mouth hygiene so important for patients wearing implants?

Good mouth hygiene has a basic role in the long term viability of implant-based tooth replacement. Beside cleaning the teeth twice a day with a tooth brush and tooth paste in the usual way the neck-part of the implants- or if it is covered by a crown, the surrounding gum and the underlying parts of the prosthesis must be carefully cleaned.

Plaque can be easily removed from these places with the help of an interdental tooth brush or dental floss.

Avoid the use of oral hygienic materials containing fluoride in high concentration!

The other important condition of a longrun success is a properly prepared prosthesis. If these two conditions are met, implants can last for a life-time.

Have allergy or tumorous diseases been noted in connection with implantation?
Implants are made of pure titanium. This metal has special biological characteristics, with which the bone can easily integrate. There is no record to be found which would state any allergy or tumours in connection with implants, as their surface is covered by a stable compound, titanium-oxide.

Bone augmentation is a term that is used to describe a variety of procedures that are used to ’build’ bone so that dental implants can be placed. These procedures typically involve grafting (adding) bone or bonelike materials to the jaw, and waiting for the grafted material to fuse with the existing bone over several months. There are several different procedures that can be used for bone augmentation. Your dentist will select a procedure depending on the type, location and number of implants to be used. If you need a bone graft, it is important that you and your dentist discuss all of the options available to you.

Dental implant bone grafting is a surgical procedure, replaces the bone that has been lost with material from the patient's own body (autogenous bone) or with a natural, artificial, or synthetic substitute. In most cases the goal of the implant dentist is to generate new healthy and natural bone in the area of the procedure. Some synthetic materials simply hold the space under the gums and the patient's body does not replace the material with natural bone. Dental implant bone grafting replaces missing bone lost from previous dental extractions, injuries, accidents, cysts, periodontal disease, infections along with many other causes. Although these procedures increase the cost of dental implants, they also help create more cosmetic and often more durable restorations.

A sinus lift is a surgery that will add bone to your upper jaw and in the area of your premolars and your molars. A sinus lift is sometimes referred to as sinus augmentation. Bone will be added in between your jaw and your maxillary sinuses. They can be on either sides of your nose. In order to make room for the bone, the sinus membrane may be moved upward or lifted. A sinus lift is performed by a maxillofacial surgeon or a periodontist. A sinus lift is performed when there is not enough bone in the upper jaw or the sinuses to hold dental implants.

Autografts are bone grafts, which come from your own body. This type of graft is still considered the “gold standard” by many surgeons. It offers the best of both worlds; it has very good osteoconductivity and also great osteoinductivity due to its high content of resident growth factors. The disadvantage is the higher morbidity. It is always necessary to conduct a secondary surgical access in a remote location of the body in order to harvest the bone. Depending on the quantity of bone needed, this can be the hip (for larger quantities) all the way down to an intra-oral site, such as the chin or the back of the jaw. Autogenous bone grafts have shown to be some of the most predictable grafts in surgery.

Most of us have had amalgam fillings (silver) or gold filling restorations. Some amalgam fillings were what we have called mercury fillings, as some amalgam fillings contained mercury. Metal fillings were effective, but very conspicuous and tended to blacken in color over time. Composite resin dental fillings were created as an alternative to traditional metal dental fillings. Tooth fillings colored to look like a natural tooth are known as composite resin dental fillings, are made of a plastic dental resin. Composite fillings are strong, durable, and make for a very natural looking smile.

Dental sealants can play an important role in helping to prevent cavities. The dentist bonds a plastic coating into the pits and fissures of the tooth, having a smoother tooth surface that is less likely to trap food and plaque and which is easier to clean with the toothbrush.

There are tiny canals within your tooth that may become infected. This leads to the pulp inside your tooth also becoming infected as well. Either your dentist or an endodontist to remove any infection performs the root canal procedure. The canals are cleaned and then filled and the tooth receives either a filling or a crown.

Dental inlays and onlays are restorations used to repair rear teeth that have a mild to moderate amount of decay. They can also be used to restore teeth that are cracked or fractured if the damage is not severe enough to require a dental crown. Inlays and onlays are usually made from porcelain, composite resin, and sometimes even from gold. Because they can be created from tooth-colored materials, inlays and onlays are often used to replace metal fillings for patients who desire a more natural looking smile. Read on to find out about how inlays and onlays may be able to enhance your smile’s health and appearance.

Since dental inlays and onlays can be made from durable, tooth-colored porcelain, they offer much more enduring and natural-looking results than metal fillings. In addition, their customized nature allows dentists to securely bond them to the tooth surface, adding structural integrity and preventing bacteria from entering and forming cavities.
Like dental inlays, onlays can be created from tooth-colored material, which makes them virtually undetectable to the naked eye. Onlays also help to conserve more tooth structure because their use requires minimal removal a tooth’s surface. Perhaps their most important benefit, however, is that, in saving damaged teeth, onlays help patients avoid the eventual need for more extensive treatment with dental crowns, dental bridges, or dental implants.

Porcelain veneers are very thin shells of porcelain that are bonded onto the front side of teeth so to create a cosmetic improvement for a tooth. Porcelain veneers are routinely used by dentists as a way to make cosmetic changes for teeth that are discolored, worn, chipped, or misaligned.

For teeth that are badly damaged, dental crowns can be an effective treatment option. The dental crown procedure utilizes tooth-shaped coverings made of metal, ceramic, or porcelain to restore strength and eliminate discomfort. In addition, dental crowns may be used to anchor a dental bridge or to cap a dental implant post.
Types of Dental Crowns

Dental crowns are made of metal, ceramic, or porcelain fused to metal. The type of crown utilized during your dental crown procedure will depend on your unique needs and goals, as well as the recommendation of your dentist.
Porcelain fused to metal crowns

Dental crowns made of porcelain fused to metal are stronger than all-ceramic versions and more aesthetically pleasing than those made of metal. However, their metal shell gives porcelain fused to metal crowns an opaque appearance. Because they lack the reflective quality of natural teeth, porcelain fused to metal crowns are not as discreet as all ceramic crowns. Additionally, over time, a thin metal band may be visible along the gum line with this type of crown.

All-ceramic crowns

All-ceramic crowns (Procera) combines excellent and profound strength with beautiful esthetics. The material consists of 99.5 % pure aluminum oxide and is biocompatible, thereby ensuring excellent long-term esthetics. It is translucent, giving the tooth a natural appearance. At the same time it is excellent for concealing underlying surfaces, such as amalgam and root fillings. With the strength in the core material, it is recommended for prosthetic reconstructions anywhere in the mouth. More and more patients are asking for constructions made of material not containing metal or other alloys.
Zirconia crowns

Zirconia crowns are zirconium. They create an extremely natural-looking appearance and are typically used on front teeth. The tooth-colored zirconia material is translucent, like the enamel of your natural teeth, and size and shade can be carefully matched to complement the rest of your smile.
The Dental Crown Procedure

Typically, the dental crown procedure is completed in two stages. During the first stage, the dentist removes portions of your natural tooth’s structure to accommodate the dental crown. Surrounding teeth may also be prepared in this way. An impression is made and sent to the lab, where your dental crown is created in about two weeks. A temporary crown will be in place between visits to ensure the most natural look and feel. When you return to the dentist’s office, the temporary crown is removed and your new, custom dental crown is securely bonded in place.

For some patients, the dental crown procedure is altered to meet specific goals. For example, if crowns are being utilized to anchor a dental bridge or as a dental implant restoration, the steps in the dental crown procedure will be slightly different. Also, teeth with extensive damage may require that a root canal be performed prior to placing the crown. Additionally, new technology has made it possible to complete some dental crown procedures in a single office visit. A consultation with your dentist can help you better understand the unique steps in your dental crown procedure.
What is a Dental Bridge?

A dental bridge is made up of two dental crowns for the teeth on either side of the gap and a false tooth in between. Natural teeth, dental implants, or a combination of natural teeth and dental implants can be used to support the bridge. The dental bridge type you choose will depend on the condition of your smile, your cost goals, and the cosmetic results you desire. Whether you are looking for a temporary or permanent tooth loss solution, there is a dental bridge ideally suited for your needs.

The Dental Bridge Procedure

The dentist will begin your dental bridge work by filing down the adjacent teeth to accommodate the crowns. Then, the dentist will take impressions of the teeth, which will be used to create the dental crowns. Once the crowns are finished (crowns can be all-ceramic, zirconium or made of metal or porcelain fused to metal), the false tooth (or teeth) will be bonded to them. When the dental bridge is ready, a return visit to the dentist will be necessary to place it on the teeth. During your final visit, the dentist securely cements the crowns over the surrounding teeth to complete your smile with the dental bridge.

Dentures are removable dental appliances that replace missing teeth. Unlike dental implants and dental bridges, which are more or less permanently affixed to the bone, dentures are prosthetic teeth attached to a supporting structure. Dentures can be removed at night, for cleaning, or whenever desired. The most affordable dentures are those made with traditional plastic prosthetic teeth, but even more expensive porcelain cosmetic dentures usually cost less than implants.

Overdenture

An overdenture is a type of denture that is secured by precision dental attachments. The attachments are placed in tooth roots or dental implants which have been placed specifically for the overdenture attachment. Types of overdentures include bar joint dentures and telescopic dentures.

If you lose most or all of your lower teeth there is nothing to hold a denture down while you chew. An overdenture fastens a denture to the jawbone much in the way natural teeth are anchored. The adjacent teeth may be altered with locking devices or connecting bars to ensure the denture fits properly. These bar joints support the dentures better than individual implants though implants are still required to support the bars. Generally the more implants the stronger the bar and bars on the upper arch always require more implants than bars on the lower arch due to the lesser bone density in the upper jaw.

When patients have compromised bone density due to age or oral disease a telescopic denture a type of overdenture system is probably the best option. The procedure consists of a double crown system “the telescopic” and involves fitting inner metal crowns and outer crowns on the remaining natural teeth to create a natural looking removable overdenture. Though this is a reliable denture system that ensures even bite stress distribution the procedure is extremely complicated and requires root canal therapy for each remaining natural tooth and the insertion of a metal post to ensure the root is strong enough.
Some of the benefits of overdentures include the prevention of bone loss (dental implants actually strengthen the surrounding bone structure) esthetic appeal improved speech (when compared with other types of dentures) proper jaw alignment and improved chewing efficiency.

Dental X-rays are pictures of the teeth, bones, and soft tissues around them to help find problems with the teeth, mouth, and jaw. X-ray pictures can show cavities, hidden dental structures (such as wisdom teeth), and bone loss that cannot be seen during a visual examination. Dental X-rays may also be done as follow-up after dental treatments. The X-rays use small amounts of radiation.

Panoramic X-ray

Panoramic X-rays show a broad view of the jaws, teeth, sinuses, nasal area, and temporomandibular (jaw) joints. These X-rays do not find cavities. These X-rays do show problems such as impacted teeth, bone abnormalities, cysts, solid growths (tumors), infections, and fractures.

tiny video camera used to view the inside of the mouth, with the images projected onto a monitor screen. The images allow dentists and their patients to see the inside of the mouth in magnified form.

Dental cleanings involve removing plaque (soft, sticky, bacteria infested film) and tartar (calculus) deposits that have built up on the teeth over time. Your teeth are continually bathed in saliva which contains calcium and other substances which help strengthen and protect the teeth. While this is a good thing, it also means that we tend to get a build-up of calcium deposits on the teeth. This chalky substance will eventually build up over time, like limescale in a pipe or kettle. Usually it is tooth coloured and can easily be mistaken as part of the teeth, but it also can vary from brown to black in colour. If the scale, or calculus is allowed to accumulate on the teeth it will unfortunately provide the right conditions for bacteria to thrive next to the gums. The purpose of the cleaning and polishing is basically to leave the surfaces of the teeth clean and smooth so that bacteria are unable to stick to them and you have a better chance of keeping the teeth clean during your regular home care.

Regular teeth cleaning by a dental hygienist is recommended to remove tartar (mineralized plaque) that may develop even with careful brushing and flossing, especially in areas that are difficult for a patient to reach on his own at home. Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling and tooth polishing and debridement if too much tartar has accumulated. This involves the use of various instruments or devices to loosen and remove deposits from the teeth. Most dental hygienists recommend having the teeth professionally cleaned at least once every 12 to 24 months. More frequent cleaning and examination may be necessary during the treatment of many of the dental/oral disorders. Routine examination of the teeth is recommended at least every year. This may include yearly, select dental X-rays. However, in between cleanings by a dental hygienist, good oral hygiene is essential for preventing cavities, tartar build-up, and gum disease.

Tooth jewellery is an elegant jewellery. When placed on the tooth, the jewellery creates a distinctive expression of one's individuality. There are great designs which appeal to both for males and females. Tooth jewels are made of either 24-carat gold, white gold or glass crystal. The dentist uses a dental adhesive to apply the jewellery to the tooth, it is a painless procedure. The whole procedure takes 10-15 minutes. It is important that tooth jewellery does not harm or damage the tooth.

Overview

Sedation dentistry is a method employed by a dentist to perform dental treatment on a patient in an environment that’s stress and anxiety free. It’s a way for dentists to help patients overcome common dental phobias that people usually have. Many people neglect going to the dentist, or getting their teeth taken care of because of this phobia. Often, dental problems are left unattended till the very last moment when extreme treatment measures are needed. Through sedation dentistry, patients are able to undergo dental treatments without any of the fear and anxiety that accompanies the treatment. Moreover, sedation dentistry reduces the number of visits required for dental treatment to just a couple of sessions. Sedation dentistry can be used to correct almost any kind of dental condition.

What is sedation?

Sedation is a procedure that makes use of sedative medications, to produce a relaxed experience for the patient, enabling the dentist to perform dental procedures. Sedation dentistry is sometime erroneously referred to as sleep dentistry. This term, however, is not the fullest meaning of sedation, because the medications you receive don’t exactly put you to sleep, although you are likely to feel sleepy while under sedation. Sedation dentistry is different from general anesthesia, which leads to a deeper state of sleep.

Who is eligible for sedation dentistry?

Any person who is in need of dental treatment, either for health or cosmetic purposes, but  has anxiety and fear about undergoing treatment, or has an extreme fear of needles is likely to benefit from sedation dentistry.

Types of Sedation

There are a few different types of sedation dentistry that facilitate performing dental procedures. You can read about the different types of sedation dentistry by clicking on the links below:

• Oral conscious sedation
• Inhalation sedation - nitrous oxide
• intravenous (IV) sedation